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81.
Wayne D. Erskine 《The Australian geographer》2011,42(3):289-307
Historical planform changes in a 14.7 km reach of the lower Pages River were determined to assess whether they were autogenic (inherent in the river regime) or allogenic (driven by external changes) in nature so as to better focus river management activities and river restoration works. A pattern metamorphosis or complete change in river morphology occurred during the February 1955 flood. The peak discharge of this event exceeded the slope and grain size (intrinsic) threshold for braiding, converting the narrow, slightly sinuous stream to a wide, braided-like river. Five subsequent intrinsic threshold-exceeding floods did not cause further bar development because an over-widened channel already existed. Autogenic channel planform changes included sinuosity variations due to lateral migration and pattern metamorphosis due to the exceedance of a discharge–slope–grain size geomorphic threshold. Allogenic channel planform changes included: (1) realignment/channel straightening and artificial cutoffs by river training works; (2) lateral migration by increased bank erodibility due to riparian vegetation clearing; (3) lateral migration by the operation of a transitive geomorphic threshold involving the onset of a flood-dominated regime after 1946 and increased catchment runoff after 1830 due to large-scale clearing of catchment vegetation; and (4) the occurrence of a large flood in February 1955. Multiple forcing factors have clearly caused historical channel planform changes of the lower Pages River, making the design of river management and restoration works a complex matter outside the scope of simple formulaic protocols. 相似文献
82.
Quantification of landscape-based vegetation structural variation and pattern is a significant goal for a variety of ecological, monitoring and biodiversity studies. Vegetation structural metrics, derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS or aerial light detection and ranging—LiDAR) and QuickBird satellite imagery, were used to establish the degree of plot-based vegetation variation at a hillslope scale. Topographic position is an indicator of energy and water availability, and was quantified using DEM-based insolation and topographic wetness, respectively, stratifying areas into hot-warm-cold and wet-moist-dry topographic classes. A range of vegetation metrics—maximum and modal canopy height, crown cover, foliage cover, NDVI and semivariance—were compared among randomly selected plots from each topographic class. NDVI increases with increasing landscape wetness, whereas ALS-derived foliage cover decreases with increasing insolation. Foliage cover is well correlated with crown cover (R 2 =0.65), and since foliage cover is readily calculable for whole-of-landscape application, it will provide valuable and complementary information to NDVI. Between-plot heterogeneity increases with increasing wetness and decreasing insolation, indicating that more sampling is required in these locations to capture the full range of landscape-based variability. Pattern analysis in landscape ecology is one of the fundamental requirements of landscape ecology, and the methods described here offer statistically significant, quantifiable and repeatable means to realise that goal at a fine spatial grain. 相似文献
83.
T.A. Groen F. van LangeveldeC.A.D.M. van de Vijver A.L. de RaadJ. de Leeuw H.H.T. Prins 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(8):724-733
This study analyses possible relationships between natural processes taking place in savannas and the tree patterns found in savannas. This can lead to new hypotheses about which processes are driving savanna physiognomy. To do so tree patterns were quantified for African savannas from historical aerial photographs applying frequently used landscape metrics. Also, additional data for these areas were collected to quantify the processes taking place at these locations. Correlations between tree pattern indices and explaining factors were analysed. We found a negative trend between tree cover and density of sheep and goats, but no relationship between tree cover and density of cattle, suggesting that small livestock have an effect on tree cover, but that larger livestock (or obligate grazers) do not. Also, a positive correlation between human population density and tree cover was found. Possible explanations for the found relations are discussed. Subsequent ways to analyse the latter correlation are discussed, and the potential of the presented historical database of aerial photographs is highlighted. 相似文献
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塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林胡杨群落的空间格局研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林胡杨群落为研究对象,研究优势种胡杨与灰胡杨种群径级结构、空间分布格局与空间关联性。结果表明,胡杨和灰胡杨种群径级结构均呈倒金字塔型,属衰退型种群。胡杨种群在1~25 m尺度内呈聚集分布,灰胡杨种群在2~23 m尺度内呈聚集分布,胡杨种群聚集强度大于灰胡杨。随种群生长发育,胡杨和灰胡杨聚集尺度范围及聚集规模逐渐减弱,大树趋于随机分布。灰胡杨不同生长阶段在0~25 m空间尺度上相互独立,胡杨小树与中树在5~10 m空间尺度上相互依存。胡杨中树与灰胡杨中树在大尺度空间(>23 m)上相互排斥; 胡杨与灰胡杨种群在小尺度空间(2~3 m)上相互依存,中尺度空间上相互独立。 相似文献
90.
狼毒种群小尺度空间分布格局及空间关联性研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
空间分布格局、空间关联性对尺度具有较强的依赖性,种群在不同的尺度上往往表现出多种空间分布格局和空间关联性。在黑河上游高寒退化草地,采用点格局分析方法,研究了小尺度上狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群的分布格局和空间关联性。结果表明:小尺度上随着种群的发育,狼毒种群的空间分布格局由聚集分布逐渐向随机分布过渡;两个形体大小程度越接近的种群之间,空间关联性越有可能表现为正关联,随着种群的共同发育,空间关联性逐渐向不显著过渡,形体大小差异程度越大,则越有可能表现为负关联,而较大尺度上空间关联性趋于复杂化。种群个体之间的相互庇护促使狼毒个体的数量不断增长,并通过种内竞争使斑块不断扩张,狼毒种群合作与竞争机制的相互转变实现了种群的扩散。 相似文献